Global, regional, and national burden of breast, cervical, uterine, and ovarian cancer and their risk factors among women from 1990 to 2021, and projections to 2050: findings from the global burden of disease study 2021

Female breast cancer, cervical cancer, uterine cancer, and ovarian cancer (FBCUO) pose a significant threat to global public health. Incidence, age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR), deaths, age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR), disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), age-standardized rate of DALYs (ASDR), and the burden due to risk factors associated with FBCUO cancer were analyzed from 1990 to 2021. Between 1990 to 2021, the global incidence, death, and DALYs, of female breast, cervical, uterine and ovarian cancer both to varying degrees of elevation. However, the ASMR and ASDR both showed a decreasing trend for FBCUO cancer. In 2021, diet high in red meat was a major risk factor for female breast cancer DALYs, but the attributable ASDR for diet high in red meat decreased from 1990 to 2021. Unsafe sex was the leading risk factor for cervical cancer DALYs, high body-mass index was the leading risk factor for uterine cancer and ovarian cancer. Projections indicate a global increase in the total number of female breast cancer and ovarian cancer cases from 2021 to 2050. In contrast, both cervical cancer and uterine cancer are expected to show downward trends over the same period.  The burden attributable to FBCUO cancers has increased significantly in female populations from 1990 to 2021, underscoring the urgent need for targeted measures to mitigate this trend. Meanwhile, Annual Percentage Change (APC) analysis indicates that the age-standardized incidence rates (ASIR) for female breast and ovarian cancers may continue to rise from 2022 to 2050.